Bibliography
Abramowitz, J. S. (1996). Variants in exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27(4), 583–600. https://
Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 44–52. https://
Abramowitz, J. S. (2001). Treatment of scrupulous obsessions and compulsions using exposure and response prevention: A case report. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8(1), 79–85. https://
Abramowitz, J. S. (2005). Understanding and treating obsessive-compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Abramowitz, J. S. (2008). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In W. E. Craighead, D. J. Miklowitz, & L. W. Craighead (Eds.), Psychopathology: History, diagnosis, and empirical foundations (pp. 159–197). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Abramowitz, J. S. (2018). Getting over OCD: A 10-step workbook for taking back your life (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Abramowitz, J. S. (2018). The inhibitory learning approach to exposure and response prevention. International OCD Foundation. https://
Abramowitz, J.S., & Arch, J.J.(2014). Strategies for improving long-term outcomes in cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Insights from learning theory. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 21(1), 20–31. https://
Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytic review. Romanian Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 2, 89−104.
Abramowitz, J. S., & Hellberg, S. N. (2020). Scrupulosity. In E. A. Storch, D. McKay, & J. S. Abramowitz (Eds.), Advanced casebook of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: Conceptualizations and treatment (pp. 71–87). Academic Press/
Abramowitz, J. S., Huppert, J. D., Cohen, A. B., Tolin, D. F., & Cahill, S. P. (2002). Religious obsessions and compulsions in a non-clinical sample: The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(7), 825–838. https://
Abramowitz, J. S., & Jacoby, R. J. (2014). Scrupulosity: A cognitive-behavioral analysis and implications for treatment. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(2), 140–149.
Ackerman, D. L., & Greenland, S. (2002). Multivariate meta-analysis of controlled drug studies for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(3), 309–317. https://
Allen, G. E. K., Norton, A., Pulsipher, S., Johnson, D., & Bunker, B. (2021, August 5). I worry that I am almost perfect! Examining relationships among perfectionism, scrupulosity, intrinsic spirituality, and psychological well-being among Latter-Day Saints. Spirituality in Clinical Practice. Advance online publication. http://
Allen, G. E. K., & Wang, K. T. (2014). Examining aspects of religiosity, perfectionism, scrupulosity, and well-being among LDS individuals. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 257–64, advance online publication. http://
Allen, G. E. K., Wang, K. T. & Stokes, H. (2015). Examining legalism, scrupulosity,
family perfectionism, and psychological adjustment among LDS individuals. Mental Health,
Religion & Culture, 18(4), https://
Allen, H. (1683). A narrative of God’s gracious dealings with that choice Christian Mrs. Hannah Allen (afterwards married to Mr. Hatt) reciting the great advantages the devil made of her deep melancholy, and the triumphant victories, rich and sovereign graces, God gave her over all his stratagems and devices. John Wallis.
Al-Solaim, L., & Loewenthal, K. M. (2011).Religion and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among young Muslim women in Saudi Arabia. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(2), 169–182. https://
Altin, M. (2009). A cross-cultural investigation of obsessive compulsive disorder symptomatology: The role of religiosity and religious affiliation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University].
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Anderson, P. L., & Molloy, A. (2020). Maximizing the impact of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 153–157. https://
Anthony, K. (2018, September 18). EFT tapping. Healthline. https://
Bainton, R. H. (1950, 2012). Here I stand: A life of Martin Luther. Hendrikson Publishers, 41.
Baker, D. (2019, September). My battle with religious OCD. Ensign. Digital content only. https://
Bandeira, I. D. et al. (2022). Ketamine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 30(2), 135–145.
Barnett, J. E. (2019, February 19). Integrating religion and spirituality into psychotherapy: Ethical and practice considerations [in-person seminar].
Beattie, T. (2011). Scruples and sainthood: Accepting and overcoming scruples with the help of the saints. Loreto Publications.
Bednar, D. A. (2021). The spirit of revelation. Deseret Book.
Bell, J. (2007). Rewind, replay, repeat: A memoir of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hazelden.
Bell, J. (2009). When in doubt, make belief: An OCD-inspired approach to living with uncertainty. New World Library.
Berman, N. C., Summers, B. J., Weingarden, H., & Wilhelm, S. (2019). Positive affect and imaginal exposure processes in patients with taboo obsessions. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 23. https://
Boersma, K., Hengst, S. D., Dekker, J., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (1976). Exposure and response prevention in the natural environment: A comparison with obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14(1), 19–24. https://
Bonhoeffer, D.(1995). The cost of discipleship. Touchstone.
Boorstein, S. (2007). Happiness is an inside job: Practicing for a joyful life. Ballantine Books.
Bourne, E. J. (2020). The anxiety and phobia workbook. New Harbinger Publications. Kindle Edition.
Buchholz, J. L., Abramowitz, J. S., Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., & Twohig, M. P. (2019). Sudden gains: How important are they during exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder? Behavior Therapy, 50(3), 678.
Buchholz, J. L., Abramowitz, J. S., Reimann, B. C., Reuman, L., Blakey, S. M., Leonard, R. C., et al. (2019). Scrupulosity, religious affiliation and symptom presentation in obsessive compulsive disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 47(4), 478–492.
Bulut, S. & Subasi, M. (2020). Group therapy in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 9(4), 150–159. https://
Burns, D. D. (2006). When panic attacks: The new drug-free anxiety therapy that can change your life. Morgan Road Books.
Carleton, R. N. (2012). The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12(8), 937–947.
Choudhary, V., Bose, S., Sharma, P., & Ghimire, S. (2016). ERP with cognitive bio-behavioral self treatment in blasphemous OCD: A case report. International Journal of Analytical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, 5, 9–12.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Articles of Faith. https://
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (n.d.). Bible dictionary. https://
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.(2022). Repentance and Church membership councils. In Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. https://
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (2007). Teachings of presidents of the church: Joseph Smith. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Ciarrocchi, J. W. (1995). The doubting disease: Help for scrupulosity and religious compulsions. Paulist Press.
Clark, S. A., Allard, T., Jenkins, W. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1988). Receptive fields in the body-surface map in adult cortex defined by temporally correlated inputs. Nature, 332, 444–445. https://
Climacus, J. (2012 [1605]). Ladder of divine ascent (4th ed.). Holy Transfiguration Monastery.
Coleson, R. E. (1996). Contemporary religious viewpoints on suicide, physician-assisted suicide, and voluntary active euthanasia. Duquesne Law Review, 35, 43–80.
Concordia University. (2014, April 8). The surprising truth about obsessive-compulsive thinking [Press release]. Concordia University. https://
Craig, M. D. (2018, November). Divine discontent. Ensign. https://
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 10–23. https://
Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S. L., et al. (2013). The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry, 12(2), 137–148. https://
Cullen, A. J., Dowling, N. L., Segrave, R., Carter, A., & Yücel, M. (2021). Exposure therapy in a virtual environment: Validation in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders, 80. https://
Deacon, B. J., Vincent, A. M., & Zhang, A. R. (2013). Lutheran clergy members’ responses to scrupulosity: The effects of moral thought-action fusion and liberal vs. conservative denomination. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2, 71–77.
De Couck, M., Caers, R., Musch, L., et al. (2019). How breathing can help you make better decisions: Two studies on the effects of breathing patterns on heart rate variability and decision-making in business cases. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 139, 1–9. https://
Dehlin, J. P., Morrison, K. L., & Twohig, M. P. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for scrupulosity in obsessive compulsive disorder. Behavior modification, 37(3), 409–430. https://
Del Casale, A., Sorice, S., Padovano, A., et al. (2019). Psychopharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Current Neuropharmacology, 17(8), 710–736. https://
Denys, D. (2006). Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(2), 553–xi. https://
Dèttore, D., Berardi, D., & Pozza, A. (2017). Religious affiliation and obsessive cognitions and symptoms: A comparison between Jews, Christians, and Muslims in non-clinical groups in Italy. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(4), 348–357. https://
Dougherty, D. D., Brennan, B. P., Stewart, S. E., Wilhelm, S., Widge, A. S., & Rauch, S. L. (2018). Neuroscientifically informed formulation and treatment planning for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(10), 1081–1087. https://
Eddy, K. T., Dutra, L., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2004). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(8), 1011–1030. https://
Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., Shafran, R., & Antony, M. M. (2016). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of perfectionism. Guilford Publications.
Extinction (psychology). (n.d.). In Wikipedia. https://
Fals-Stewart, W., Marks, A. P., & Schafer, J. (1993). A comparison of behavioral group therapy and individual behavior therapy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(3), 189–193. https://
Fedewa, B. A., Burns, L. R., & Gomez, A. A. (2005). Positive and negative perfectionism and the shame/
Fergus, T. A. (2014). Mental contamination and scrupulosity: Evidence of unique associations among Catholics and Protestants. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(3), 236–242. https://
Ferguson, K. (2017). The OCD Mormon: Finding healing and hope in the midst of anxiety. Cedar Fort.
Fernández de la Cruz, L., Rydell M., Runeson, B., D’Onofrio, B. M., Brander, G., Rück, C., et al. (2017). Suicide in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A population-based study of 36,788 Swedish patients. Molecular Psychiatry, 22, 1626–1632. https://
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20–35. https://
Foa, E. B., & Wilson, R. (2001). Stop obsessing! How to overcome your obsessions and compulsions. Bantam.
Franklin, M. E., & Foa, E. B. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. In J. M. Gorman (Ed.), A guide to treatments that work (pp. 339–357). Oxford University Press.
Fuhriman, A., & Burlingame, G. M. (2000). Group therapy. In A. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 4). Oxford University Press, 31–35.
Gearing, R. E., & Lizardi, D. (2009). Suicide and religion. Journal of Religious Health, 48, 332–341. https://
Giles, G., & Densley, S., Jr. (2018, August). Barriers to belief: Mental distress and disaffection from the church. https://
Gillihan, S. J., Williams, M. T., Malcoun, E., Yadin, E., & Foa, E. B. (2012). Common pitfalls in exposure and response prevention (EX/
Gong, G. W. (2016, May). Always remember him. Ensign, 108–111. https://
Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., et al. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1006–1011. https://
Government of Western Australia Department of Health. Anxiety—reversing the vicious cycle. (2022). https://
Grayson, J. (2014). Freedom from obsessive compulsive disorder: A personalized recovery program for living with uncertainty. Penguin Group.
Greenberg, D. (1984). Are religious compulsions religious or compulsive: A phenomenological study. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 38(4), 524–532. https://
Greenberg, D., & Huppert, J. D. (2010). Scrupulosity: A unique subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 282–289.
Greenberg, D., & Shefler, G. (2008). Ultra-Orthodox rabbinic responses to religious obsessive-compulsive disorder. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 45(3), 183–192.
Greenberg, D., & Witztum, E. (1991). Problems in the treatment of religious patients. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 45(4), 554–565. https://
Greenberg, D., Witztum, E., & Pisante, J. (1987). Scrupulosity: Religious attitudes and clinical presentations. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 60(1),29–37.
Harris, C. V., & Wiebe, D. J. (1992). An analysis of response prevention and flooding procedures in the treatment of adolescent obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23(2), 107–115. https://
Hayes, S. C. (2005). Get out of your mind & into your life: The new acceptance & commitment therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
Hepworth, M., Simonds, L. M., & Marsh, R. (2010). Catholic priests’ conceptualisation of scrupulosity: A grounded theory analysis. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13(1), 1–16. https://
Hershfield, J. (2020, January 7). Treatment for OCD Scrupulosity Needs to Respect the Faith. Anxiety.org.https://
Hilton, S. C., Fellingham, G. W., & Lyon, J. L. (2002). Suicide rates and religious commitment in young adult males in Utah. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 413–419.
Holland, J. R. (2013, November). Like a broken vessel. Ensign. https://
Holland, J. R. (2016, April). Tomorrow the Lord will do wonders among you. https://
Holland, J. R. (2017, November). Be ye therefore perfect eventually. Ensign. https://
Holland, J. R. (2021, October). The greatest possession. https://
Horwitz, B., Littman, R., Greenberg, D., & Huppert, J. D. (2019). A qualitative analysis of contemporary ultra-Orthodox rabbinical perspectives on scrupulosity. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22, 82–98. https://
Huppert, J. D., & Siev, J. (2010). Treating scrupulosity in religious individuals using cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(4), 382–392.
Huppert, J. D., Siev, J., & Kushner, E. S. (2007). When religion and obsessive-compulsive disorder collide: Treating scrupulosity in ultra-Orthodox Jews. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63:925–941. https://
Hyman, B. M., & Pedrick, C. (2010). The OCD workbook: Your guide to breaking free from obsessive-compulsive disorder (3rd ed.). New Harbinger Publications.
Ignatius of Loyola. (1951). The spiritual exercises of Saint Ignatius (L. J. Puhl, Ed. & Trans.). Loyola University Press.
Ignatius of Loyola. (1980). Saint Ignatius’ Own Story: As Told to Luis Gonzalez de Camara (W. J. Young, Trans.). Loyola University Press.
Inozu, M., Celikcan, U., Akin, B., & Cicek, N. M. (2020). The use of virtual reality (VR) exposure for reducing contamination fear and disgust: Can VR be an effective alternative exposure technique to in vivo? Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 25. https://
Inozu, M., Clark, D. A., & Karanci, A. N. (2012). Scrupulosity in Islam: A comparison of highly religious Turkish and Canadian samples. Behavior Therapy, 43(1), 190–202. https://
Inozu, M., Kahya, Yorulmaz, O. (2020). Neuroticism and religiosity: The role of obsessive beliefs, thought-control strategies and guilt in scrupulosity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms among Muslim undergraduates. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(3), 1144–1160.
International OCD Foundation. Gamma knife treatment for OCD. https://
International OCD Foundation. How is OCD treated? https://
International OCD Foundation. IOCDF Education Staycation: A COVID Training Series for Mental Health Professionals, Vol 3. [Video]. https://
International OCD Foundation. “The Difference between Reassurance-Seeking and Information-Seeking.” Anxiety Disorders Center, Saint Louis Behavioral Medicine Institute (Handout received from the Behavior Therapy Training Institute at Los Angeles Pasadena, California, January 27–29, 2012).
International OCD Foundation. What if outpatient ERP hasn’t worked? Are there more intensive options? https://
Jacoby, R. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2016). Inhibitory learning approaches to exposure therapy: A critical review and translation to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 28–40. https://
Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Blakey, S. M., & Reuman, L. (2019). Is the hierarchy necessary?Gradual versus variable exposure intensity in the treatment of unacceptable obsessional thoughts. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 64,54–63. https://
The Jewish bible with a modern English translation and Rashi’s commentary (The Judaica). https://
Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Brain stimulation services. https://
Johns Hopkins Medicine. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). https://
Jone, H., & Adelman, U. (1959). Moral theology. Newman Press.
Jones, M. (Host). (2020, July 1). Debra Theobald McClendon: Scrupulosity—Obsessive-compulsive anxiety you may mistake as faith crisis (No. 87) [Audio podcast episode]. In All In. LDSLiving. https://
Joshi, S. T., & Schultz, D. E. (2001). An H. P. Lovecraft encyclopedia. Greenwood Press.
Judd, D. K. (2016). Clinical and pastoral implications of the ministry of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. Open Theology, 2, 324–333. https://
Judd, D. K., Dyer, W. J., & Top, J. B. (2018). Grace, legalism, and mental health: Examining direct and mediating relationships. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12. Advance online publication. https://
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delta Trade Paperbacks.
Kaviani, S., Hossein, E., & Soghra, E. G. (2015). The relationship between scrupulosity, obsessive-compulsive disorder and its related cognitive styles. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 3, 47–59
Keeley, M. L., Storch, E. A., Merlo, L. J., & Geffken, G. R. (2008). Clinical predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(1), 118–130. https://
Kempe, M., & Butler-Bowdon, W. (1936). The book of Margery Kembpe, 1436. J. Cape.
Kent, C. (2021, August 3). Virtual reality meets OCD with tech-enhanced exposure therapy. Medical Device Network. https://
Kerby, Taylor. (2021). Scrupulous: My obsessive compulsion for God. Common Consent Press.
Kierkegaard, S. (1938). The journals of Søren Kierkegaard (A. Dru, Ed. & Trans.). Oxford University Press. As cited in https://
Kim, K., Kim, C. H., Kim, S. Y., Roh, D., & Kim, S. I. (2009). Virtual reality for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Past and the future. Psychiatry investigation, 6(3), 115–121. https://
Kobak, K. A., Greist, J. H., Jefferson, J. W., Katzelnick, D. J., & Henk, H. J. (1998). Behavioral versus pharmacological treatments of obsessive compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology, 136(3), 205–216. https://
Kollárik, M., van den Hout, M., Heinzel, C. V., et al. (2020). Effects of rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts: A replication and extension. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology. https://
Lambert, M. J., Gregersen, A. T., & Burlingame, G. M. (2004). The Outcome Questionnaire-45. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Instruments for adults (pp. 191–234). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Lambert, M. J., & Ogles, B. M. (2004). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In M. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed.). Wiley.
Lee, E. B., Ong, C. W., An, W., & Twohig, M. P. (2018). Acceptance and commitment therapy for a case of scrupulosity-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 82(4), 407–423. https://
LeJeune, C. (2023). “Pure O” OCD: Letting go of obsessive thoughts with acceptance & commitment therapy. New Harbinger Publications, 9, 183.
Levy, H. C., & Radomsky, A. S. (2014). Safety behaviour enhances the acceptability of exposure. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43(1), 83–92. https://
Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., et al. (2007). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421–428. https://
Linehan, M. M. (2015). DBT skills training handouts and worksheets (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Ludlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1992). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Macmillan Publishing Company. https://
Luoma, J. B., Hayes, S. C., & Walser, R. D. (2007). Learning ACT: An acceptance and commitment therapy skills-training manual for therapists. New Harbinger Publications.
Luther, M. (1976). Luther’s works (J. Pelikan & H. T. Lehmann, Eds.). Concordia and Fortress.
Luther, M. (1999). Table talk (H. T. Lehmann & T. G. Tappert, Eds.). Luther’s works (Vol. 54). Concordia Publishing House.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. Penguin Books.
MacLeod, C., Campbell, L., Rutherford, E., & Wilson, E. (2004). The causal status of anxiety-linked attentional and interpretive biases. In J. Yiend, (Ed.), Cognition, emotion and psychopathology: Theoretical, empirical and clinical directions. Cambridge University Press.
Maller, R. G., & Reiss, S. (1992). Anxiety sensitivity in 1984 and panic attacks in 1987. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 6(3), 241–247. https://
Mancini, F., Gangemi, A. (2004). Fear of guilt from behaving irresponsibly in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 109–120.
Mancini, F., Gangemi, A., Perdighe, C., et al. (2008). Not just right experience: Is it influenced by feelings of guilt? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(2), 162–176.
Mathes, B. M., Morabito, D. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019). Epidemiological and clinical gender differences in OCD. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(5). https://
Maxwell, N. A. (1976, November). Notwithstanding my weakness. Ensign. https://
McClean Harvard Medical School Affiliate. Everything you need to know about exposure and response prevention therapy. https://
McClendon, D. T. (2019, April). Discerning your feelings: Anxiety or the Spirit? Ensign. https://
McClendon, D. T. (2019, September). Understanding scrupulosity (religious OCD). Ensign. Digital content only. https://
McClendon, D. T. (2020, September 5). Anxiety and belief: 5 principles of faith to help you prevent your doubts from becoming a faith crisis. LDS Living. https://
McClendon, D. T. (2020, September 12). Anxiety and belief: Are you experiencing a faith crisis? Here’s what may actually be playing a role. LDS Living. https://
McClendon, D. T. (2021, June). A church educator’s guide to identifying and helping the scrupulous student. Religious Educator, 22(2), 136–161.
McClendon, D. T., & Burlingame, G. M. (2011). Has the magic of therapy disappeared? Integrating evidence-based practice into therapist awareness and development. In R. H. Klein, H. S. Bernard, & V. L. Schermer (Eds.), On becoming a psychotherapist: The personal and professional journey (pp. 190–211). Oxford University Press.
McClendon, D. T., & McClendon, R. J. (2018). Appendix: In sickness and in health: Questions and answers relative to mental health issues and access to treatment. Commitment to the Covenant: Strengthening the Me, We, and Thee of Marriage. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University.
McConkie, B. R. (1973). Doctrinal New Testament Commentary, 3 vols. Bookcraft, 3:330–31
McLeod, S. A. (2019, July 10). What does effect size tell you? Simply Psychology. https://
Medeiros, M. (2015). Intrusive worries, related behaviors, and religious beliefs among Mormons [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Palo Alto University].
Miller, C. H., & Hedges, D. W. (2008). Scrupulosity disorder: An overview and introductory analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(6), 1042–1058. https://
Miller, J. J., Fletcher, K., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. General hospital psychiatry, 17(3),192–200. https://
Misotheism. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. https://
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). A cognitive-motivational perspective. In J. Yiend (Ed.), Cognition, emotion and psychopathology: Theoretical, empirical and clinical directions. Cambridge University Press.
Mora, G. (1969). The scrupulosity syndrome. International Journal of Clinical Psychology, 5(4), 163–174.
Moritz, S., Meier, B., Kloss, M., Jacobsen, D., Wein, C., Fricke, S., & Hand, I. (2002). Dimensional structure of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Psychiatry research, 109(2), 193–199. https://
Morrison, A. B. (2005). Myths of mental illness. Ensign. https://
Moulding, R., Coles M. E., Abramowitz, J. S., et al. (2014). Part 2. They scare because we care: The relationship between obsessive intrusive thoughts and appraisals and control strategies across 15 cities. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(3), 280–291. https://
Mullen, R., & Linscott, R. J. (2010). A comparison of delusions and overvalued ideas. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(1), 35–38. https://
Murphy, A. (1792). An essay on the life and genius of Samuel Johnson. Printed for T. Longman and others.
Myers, S. G., Pirutinsky, S. & Rosmarin, D. H. (2021). Implicit and explicit beliefs about God and scrupulosity symptoms: A prospective study. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 28, 1–6.
Nelson, R. M. (1995, November). Perfection pending. Ensign.https://
Nelson, E. A., Abramowitz, J. S., Whiteside, S. P., & Deacon, B. J. (2006). Scrupulosity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Relationship to clinical and cognitive phenomena. Anxiety Disorders, 20(8), 1071–1086. https://
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 400–424.
Nursi, B. S. (1998). The words. Sozler Publications. http://
Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (1997). Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 667–681.
Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2003). Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusion Inventory: Part 1. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(8), 863–878.
Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2005). Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire and Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory—Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(11), 1527–1542. https://
OCD Center of Los Angeles. (2013, April 23). Scrupulosity: Where OCD meets religion, faith, and belief. https://
O’Dunee, K. Religious Scrupulosity in Hinduism. International OCD Foundation. https://
O’Flaherty, V. M. (1973). Therapy for scrupulosity. In R. M. Jurievich (Ed.), Direct psychotherapy: Twenty-eight American originals (pp. 221–243). Miami University Press.
Olatunji, B. O., Abramowitz, J. S., William, N. L., Connolly, K. M., & Lohr, J. M. (2007). Scrupulosity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Confirmatory factor analysis and validity of the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 771–787.
Olatunji, B. O., Davis, M. L., Powers, M. B., & Smits, J. A. J. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(1), 33–41. https://
Olatunji, B. O., Rosenfield, D., Tart, C. D., et al. (2013). Behavioral versus cognitive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: An examination of outcome and mediators of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 415–428. https://
Osborn, I. (2008). Can Christianity cure obsessive-compulsive disorder? A psychiatrist explores the role of faith in treatment. Brazos Press.
Ostler, R. (Host). (2019). Episode 199: Tim and Aubrey Chaves, active LDS, faith crisis, scrupulosity [Audio podcast episode]. In Listen, Learn, Love Hosted by Richard Ostler. Apple Podcasts. https://
Packer, B. K. (1983, January). The candle of the Lord. Ensign. https://
Packer, B. K. (1989, October). Revelation in a changing world. https://
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 519–543.
Pelikan, J. J. (Ed.). (1999). Luther’s works (Vol. 27). Concordia Publishing House.
Phillips, A., & Fisak, B. (2020, June 15). An examination of the factor structure of the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity-Revised (PIOS-R) in Atheist and Christian Samples. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. http://
Pirutinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I. (2009). Community attitudes towards culture-influenced mental illness: Scrupulosity vs. nonreligious OCD among Orthodox Jews. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(8), 949–958.
Pittenger, C., & Duman, R. S. (2008). Stress, depression, and neuroplasticity: A convergence of mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(1), 88–109.
Psychology Tools. (n.d.). Safety-Seeking Behaviors / Safety Behaviors. https://
Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (1993). Obsessive intrusive thoughts in nonclinical subjects. Part I. Content and relation with depressive, anxious and obsessional symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(8), 713–720. https://
Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (2005). Overcoming obsessive thoughts: How to gain control of your OCD. New Harbinger Publications.
Rachman, S., & de Silva, P. (1978). Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16(4), 233–248. https://
Radomsky, A. S., Alcolado, G. M., Abramowitz, J. S., Alonso, P., Belloch, A., Bouvard, M., et al. (2014). Part 1—You can run but you can’t hide: Intrusive thoughts on six continents. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(3), 269–279.
Rau, A. D. (2011). “Be ye therefore perfect”: Beyond the perfectionist paradigm. Religious Educator, 12(3), 38.
Renlund, D. G. (Oct 2022). A Framework for Personal Revelation. https://
Rescorla, R. A. (2006). Deepened extinction from compound stimulus presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 32(2), 135–144. https://
Rice, K. G., & Slaney, R. B. (2002). Clusters of perfectionists: Two studies of emotional adjustment and academic achievement. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 35(1), 35–48.
Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., Sánchez-Meca, J., Gómez-Conesa, A., & Marín-Martínez, F. (2008). Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(8), 1310–1325. https://
Rufer, M., Fricke, S., Moritz, S., Kloss, M., & Hand, I. (2005). Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Prediction of cognitive-behavior therapy outcome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(5), 440–446. https://
Ruiz, D. M., & Mills, J. (2010). The four agreements: A practical guide to personal freedom. Amber-Allen Publishing.
Safety behaviors (anxiety). (n.d.). In Wikipedia. https://
Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19, 6–19.
Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2012). Rumination: Relationships with physical health. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 9(2), 29–34.
Schwartz, J. M., & Beyette, B. (1996). Brain lock: Free yourself from obsessive-compulsive behavior. HarperPerennial.
Schwartz, J. M., Stoessel, P. W., Baxter, L. R., Jr, Martin, K. M., & Phelps, M. E. (1996). Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of general psychiatry, 53(2), 109–113.
Scott, R. G. (1993, October). Acquiring spiritual knowledge. https://
Scott, R. G. (2004, November). Peace of conscience and peace of mind. Ensign. https://
Scott, R. G. (2009, October). To acquire spiritual guidance. https://
Scott, R. G. (2012, April). How to obtain revelation and inspiration for your personal life. https://
Shafran, R. (1997). The manipulation of responsibility in obsessive‐compulsive disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(3), 397–407. https://
Shannahoff-Khalsa, D., Ray, L., Levine, S., et al. (1999). Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums, 4(12), 34–47. https://
Shapiro, L. J. (2015). Understanding OCD: Skills to control the conscience and outsmart obsessive compulsive disorder. Praeger.
Shapiro, L. J. (2020). Obsessive compulsive disorder: Elements, history, treatments, and research. Praeger.
Shapiro, L. J., Krompinger, J. W., Gironda, C. M, & Elias, J. A. (2013). Development of a scrupulosity severity scale using the Pennsylvania Inventory of Scrupulosity-Revised. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 2(4),420–424. https://
Shapiro, L. J., & Stewart, S. E. (2011). Pathological guilt: A persistent yet overlooked treatment factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 23, 63–70.
Siev, J., Baer, L., & Minichiello, W. E. (2011). Obsessive‐compulsive disorder with predominantly scrupulous symptoms: Clinical and religious characteristics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 1188–1196. https://
Siev, J., Chambless, D. L., & Huppert, J. D. (2010). Moral thought-action fusion and OCD symptoms: The moderating role of religious affiliation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 309–312.
Siev, J., Rasmussen, J., Sullivan, A. D. W., & Wilhelm, S. (2021). Clinical features of scrupulosity: Associated symptoms and comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 173–188. https://
Smith, J., Jr. (1985). Lectures on faith. Deseret Book. (Original work published 1835)
Soomro, G. M., Altman, D., Rajagopal, S., & Oakley-Browne, M. (2008). Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008(1)https://
Stanford Medicine. (n.d.). Understanding obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. https://
Starcevic, V., & Brakoulias, V. (2008). Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Are they relevant for treatment? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42(8), 651–661. https://
Starcevic, V., Berle, D., Brakoulias, V., Sammut, P., Moses, K., Milicevic, D., et al. (2012). Interpersonal reassurance seeking in obsessive-compulsive disorder and its relationship with checking compulsions. Psychiatry Research, 200, 560–567.
Starcevic, V., Eslick, G. D., Viswasam, K., & Berle, D. (2020). Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91, 965–981.
Stevenson, G. E. (2017, November). Spiritual eclipse. https://
Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319.
Storch, E. A. (2005, Summer). Measuring obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Common tools and techniques. International OCD Foundation. https://
Summers, J. S., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2014). Scrupulous agents. Philosophical Psychology, 28(7), 947–966. https://
Summers, J. S., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2019). Clean hands? Philosophical lessons from scrupulosity. Oxford University Press.
Thérèse de Lisieux, The story of a soul: The autobiography of St. Thérèse of Lisieux. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. https://
Tolk, M. (2017, August 12). 4 tips for those who experience anxiety in the temple and at church. LDS Living. https://
Torre, J. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2018). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling as implicit emotion regulation. Emotion Review, 10(2), 116–124. https://
Twohig, M. P., Hayes, S. C., & Masuda, A. (2006). Increasing willingness to experience obsessions: Acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Therapy, 37(1), 3–13. https://
Veale, D. (1999). Cognitive therapy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 5, 61–70.
Vogrinec, W. (2021, March 2). OCD, God, and me: One woman’s experience with scrupulosity. LDS Living. https://
Wahl, K., van den Hout, & M., Lieb, R. (2019). Rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts affects the urge to neutralize in nonclinical individuals. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 20, 4–12. http://
Weir, K. N. (2021). Saints overcoming scrupulosity: Embracing truths about mental illness and the restored gospel in treating religious-oriented obsessive-compulsive disorder. Washington, UT: Finegold Creek Press.
Weir, K. N., Greaves, M., Kelm, C., Ragu, R., & Denno, R. (2014). Scrupulosity: Practical treatment considerations drawn from clinical and ecclesiastical experiences with Latter-day Saint persons struggling with religiously-oriented obsessive compulsive disorders. Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy, 36, 57–69.
Weisner, W. M., & Riffel, P. A. (1960). Scrupulosity: Religion and obsessive-compulsive behavior in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 117(4), 314–318.
Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Greenwald, S., et al. (1994). The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder: The Cross National Collaborative Group. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(3, Suppl.), S5–S10.
Williams, M. T., Farris, S. G., Turkheimer, E. N., Franklin, M. E., Simpson, H. B., Lieobowitz, M., et al. (2014). The impact of symptom dimensions on outcome for exposure and ritual prevention therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(6), 553–558. https://
Williams, M. T., Mugno, B., Franklin, M., & Faber, S. (2013). Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Phenomenology and treatment outcomes with exposure and ritual prevention. Psychopathology, 46(6), 365–376. https://
Witzig, T. F., Jr. [International OCD Foundation]. (2021, May 11). Scrupulosity: Overcoming religious obsessions and compulsions [Video]. YouTube, 31:57. https://
Witzig, T. F., Jr., & Pollard, C. A. (2013). Obsessional beliefs, religious beliefs, and scrupulosity among fundamental Protestant Christians. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2(3),331–337.
Wolpe, J. (1969). The practice of behavior therapy. Pergamon Press.
Wordnik. (n.d.). Obsession, archaic. In Wordnik. https://
Yerkes-Dodson Law graph. (2007, January 5). In Wikipedia. https://
Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18(5), 459–482. https://
Yiend, J., & Mackintosh, B. (2004). Experimental modification of processing biases. In J. Yiend (Ed.), Cognition, emotion and psychopathology: Theoretical, empirical and clinical directions. Cambridge University Press, 190.
Yorulmaz, O., Gençöz, T., & Woody, S. (2009). OCD cognitions and symptoms in different religious contexts. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(3), 401–406. https://